Autoimmune diseases such as ulcerative colitis require chronic treatment that often causes systemic immunosuppression, increasing long-term cancer and infection risk. Reducing systemic side effects with localized treatment would greatly benefit patients.

PD-L1 expression measured by immunohistochemistry helps identify non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that may respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies.